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That is a fascinating observation! Microstates often have to get creative with transportation due to their tiny size and mountainous or densely populated terrain.

Here is a quick look at how these five European nations handle travel without having commercial airports within their own borders:

1. Monaco

• The Challenge: Monaco is the second-smallest independent state in the world, packed with dense urban architecture and steep cliffs along the Mediterranean coast.

• How people get there: Visitors typically fly into Nice Côte d'Azur Airport in neighboring France and then take a quick, scenic 7-minute helicopter transfer or a short drive/train ride into the principality.

2. San Marino

• The Challenge: Perched entirely on the slopes of the Apennine Mountains, San Marino has rugged terrain and very limited flat land.

• How people get there: Travelers usually fly into Federico Fellini International Airport in Rimini, Italy, which is just a short drive away, and travel across the border by car or bus.

3. Andorra

• The Challenge: Tucked high up in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain, Andorra's landscape consists almost entirely of steep peaks and narrow valleys.

• How people get there: While there are nearby regional facilities like Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport just across the Spanish border, most international travelers fly into major hubs like Barcelona-El Prat or Toulouse-Blagnac and take a scenic mountain coach or drive.

4. Liechtenstein

• The Challenge: Nestled in the Alps between Switzerland and Austria, Liechtenstein is completely landlocked and mountainous with a very narrow stretch of the Rhine valley.

• How people get there: There is a heliport in Balzers, but for commercial flights, visitors fly into Zürich Airport in Switzerland or St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport, then complete the journey via train or car.

5. Vatican City

• The Challenge: As the world's smallest independent state, Vatican City covers just 121 acres entirely surrounded by the city of Rome, leaving zero space for a runway.

• How people get there: The state does feature a small heliport used primarily by the Pope and visiting heads of state, but commercial travelers fly into Rome's major airports—Fiumicino (FCO) or Ciampino (CIA)—and travel into the city center by train, taxi, or metro.

Would you like to explore the history or geography of any of these unique microstates in more detail?