لماذا سقطت القدس في يد صلاح الدين؟

The Battle of Hattin, fought on July 4, 1187, was a monumental engagement between the Muslim forces led by Saladin and the Crusader army of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Several critical factors led to the Crusader defeat:

• Strategic Blunders: Raymond III of Tripoli initially advised caution, but King Guy of Lusignan chose to march the Crusader army across an arid plateau to relieve the besieged city of Tiberias.

• Environmental Disadvantage: Saladin's forces surrounded the exhausted, dehydrated Crusaders, who lacked access to water under the scorching summer sun.

• Tactical Outmaneuvering: Saladin used hit-and-run tactics and set fire to the dry scrubland, filling the air with smoke and driving the parched Crusaders into complete disarray.

The defeat effectively destroyed the Crusader field army. Within months, Saladin recaptured Jerusalem—which had been under Christian rule since the First Crusade in 1099—triggering the Third Crusade.