What is the 115 law in Russia?

Understanding Russia’s 115-FZ: The Law Governing Foreigners’ Rights

Known officially as Federal Law No. 115-FZ, the “Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation” is the cornerstone of immigration policy in Russia. Enacted back in 2002 and amended numerous times since, it lays out the rules that govern how non-Russian nationals and stateless individuals can enter, stay, work, and move within the country.

The law defines key concepts such as temporary and permanent residence permits, work patents, migration cards, and visa requirements, creating a structured system for managing migration flows. It applies to everyone from tourists and students to highly qualified specialists and labor migrants.

One of the law’s central functions is regulating registration. Foreigners must register their place of stay within seven working days of arrival—a process that used to be handled by landlords or employers but now often requires online submission through the Ministry of Internal Affairs’ portal. Failure to comply can lead to fines, deportation, or future entry bans.

Work permits are another key component. Under 115-FZ, foreigners generally need either a work permit or a patent to be legally employed, depending on their visa status and country of origin. The rules differ for citizens of EAEU countries (like Kazakhstan or Armenia), who benefit from simplified procedures under regional agreements.

The law also outlines the grounds for deportation, denial of entry, and restrictions on movement, especially in border areas or regions with special legal regimes. While originally designed to bring clarity to migration policy, 115-FZ has evolved into a powerful tool for state control—particularly as enforcement has tightened in recent years.

Despite its complexity, 115-FZ remains essential for anyone navigating life in Russia as a foreign national. Whether you're staying for a few weeks or planning long-term residency, understanding this law is the first step toward legal compliance and personal security.