Who is most likely to live longer?

Why Women Live Longer Than Men

On average, women outlive men—a trend observed across nearly every country in the world. According to data from Ortiz-Ospina and Beltekian (2018), life expectancy at birth is consistently higher for females, often by several years. This isn't just a modern phenomenon, nor is it limited to humans.

Biology appears to play a key role. Research by Xirocostas and colleagues suggests that female longevity extends to many other mammalian species as well. Biologists have pointed to a few potential reasons: estrogen may offer protective effects against cardiovascular disease, while the genetic advantage of having two X chromosomes could provide a buffer against certain mutations. Men, on the other hand, face higher risks from conditions like heart disease at younger ages and are more prone to risk-taking behaviors, which can impact lifespan.

Social and environmental factors also contribute. Historically, men have dominated in high-risk occupations and are more likely to engage in habits such as smoking and excessive drinking. Even access to healthcare plays a role—men are often less likely to seek medical help early, delaying treatment.

Yet despite narrowing gaps in lifestyle risks and healthcare access, the longevity gap remains. While improvements in public health have extended life for both sexes, women continue to hold the edge. Scientists believe the reasons are deeply rooted in both biology and behavior—a complex blend that science is still unraveling.

Understanding why women live longer isn't just about numbers—it’s about recognizing the interplay of genes, hormones, and society. As research advances, these insights could one day help improve health outcomes for everyone.