Hydrogen is the simplest, lightest, and most abundant chemical element in the universe, holding the atomic number 1 and the symbol H.

Key numbers and data on the topic

  • Cosmic Abundance: Hydrogen makes up roughly 75% of the elemental mass of all visible matter in the universe and over 90% of all atoms.

  • Terrestrial Presence: Although it dominates the universe, it accounts for only about 0.14% of Earth's crust by weight, primarily found locked in water (H2O), hydrocarbons, and biomass.

  • Atomic Properties: Its standard atomic weight is 1.008 u, and it features a single proton and electron.

  • Physical States: Under standard conditions, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and flammable gas. It liquefies at an extremely low temperature of −252.879 °C (20.271 K) and melts at −259.16 °C (13.99 K).

  • Isotopes: Hydrogen has three major naturally occurring isotopes: Protium (99.985%), Deuterium (0.0115%), and the radioactive trace isotope Tritium.

  • Energy Density: Gaseous hydrogen possesses a high specific energy content by weight (roughly three times that of gasoline), making it a major focus as a clean energy carrier for fuel cells and aerospace propulsion.

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