In most Member States, collective agreements are either binding on the employers who are party to them or declared binding for all employees in the industry concerned (erga omnes effect).

5.4 There is the National Commission for Consultation and Collective Bargaining in Moldova, a tripartite body established based on the law on collective bargaining.

5.4 There is the National Commission for Consultation and Collective Bargaining in Republic of Moldova, a tripartite body established on the basis of the law on collective bargaining.

an optional framework for trans national collective bargaining

While this makes some reference to equal opportuntities by considering the particular situation of women, the measures concerned merely perpetuate the logic of the masculine norm .

Irish report, p. 18.

5.5.4 Collective bargaining and young people's rights

3.2 Freedom of association and collective bargaining in practice14

All employees covered by collective bargaining ( )

An optional European framework for transnational collective bargaining

The various national models and concepts of equality bargaining i.

6.5.4 Collective bargaining and young people's rights

5.6 Collective bargaining encouraging social organisations to consider, as part of the collective bargaining process, policies to help young people enter the labour market.

In Greece, where there is no tradition of collective bargaining, equal opportunities and collective bargaining never actually come into contact.

National framework for equality bargaining some inadequacies

Countries where equal opportunities and collective bargaining are combined Sweden, Denmark and Finland

In France there is, or has been, no equality bargaining, but rather collective bargaining about equal opportunities.

Collective bargaining on equal opportunities exists in varying degrees in all member states, though it may lie under the surface of the bargaining system as it has not yet fully emerged or developed.

3.1 Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining in Law

Annual collective bargaining is to be re organised around prescribed main axes.

Equality bargaining, though, remains a minority activity, and in all countries, traditional bargaining persists, in which equal opportunities play a very small part.

Collective bargaining on equal opportunities a real but marginal phenomenon

Each Party shall ensure that, in any such tribunals or procedures, the parties to the proceeding are provided with the right to

These procedures shall be applied in such a manner as to avoid the creation of barriers to legitimate trade and to provide for safeguards against their abuse.

There are themes common to collective bargaining in all member states, which may ultimately contribute to an elaboration of the concept.

The concept of equality bargaining as a solution to the crisis and to the impoverishment of collective bargaining

That would be a means of curbing the discriminatory function of collective bargaining.

Others stress the crisis of collective bargaining or the abolition of a minimum wage.

The bottom line is that the way to bridge the river separating the two concepts is by modernising the instrument of collective bargaining in an age that can be termed somewhat hyperbolically, perhaps, as post modern or post industrial.

4.5.7 Collective bargaining should be further promoted at sectoral level.

Gender awareness is still limited although there are some demands for substantial equality.

States parties to Convention No. 98 were required to favour collective bargaining.

In Portugal, collective bargaining and equal opportunities are still far apart.

Collective bargaining, once left to economic actors, is becoming increasingly politicized.

Women are becoming increasingly visible as both collective subjects of the law and job seekers.

(m) Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention

Age, length of time in current job, region, collective bargaining coverage, industry, occupation

Agreements by and large give equal opportunities an exceptional or marginal status, and do not reflect women's needs.

But, since their number is increasing, they are of interest in the context of both collective bargaining and equal opportunities.

In this last case we could speak of an almost Community wide spectrum of equality bargaining.

This text constitutes the death warrant of a genuine Community Charter of fundamental social rights.

Provision is made for extension mechanisms in Spain, but they are rarely applied (Social Europe, 1994).

It is in the countries where bargaining plays an important role in regulating employment conditions that the integration of bargaining and equal opportunities is most developed, with, for example, the inclusion of new issues (such as affirmative action or sexual harassment) in traditional bargaining processes.

The fact that various models of equality bargaining or of collective bargaining and equal opportunities are to be found in the Member States is due to the fact that the legal framework of equality also varies from one country to another.

Collective bargaining on equal opportunities does exist in all Member States, albeit in varying degrees, even if it exists under the surface of the collective bargaining system because it has not yet fully emerged or developed.